South Carolina and six other deep South states had already seceded from the Union before Abraham Lincoln's first inauguration as president on March 4, 1861.
Following South Carolina's lead, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas formed the Confederate States of America after the little-known Illinois Republican's election in November 1860. The Southern states feared that Lincoln would seek to abolish slavery, although he had often promised to let it continue.
Best-selling popular historian Erik Larson's "The Demon of Unrest: A Saga of Hubris, Heartbreak and Heroism at the Dawn of the Civil War" examines in crucial day-by-day detail the country's plunge toward the war that killed 750,000 Americans.
South Carolina, its slave-owning planters known as "the chivalry," seethed with outrage following Lincoln's election. Unfurling a long list of grievances against the North's anti-slavery actions, the state declared its independence in December 1860.
The dithering of President James Buchanan and his administration's allegiance to the South led to Buchanan's failure to strengthen the defenses of the federal Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor.
As Buchanan delayed taking action to stop the Palmetto State's revolt, Charleston's slave-owning elite grew increasingly arrogant about attacking the fort.
South Carolina's belligerence spread, leading to the founding of the Confederacy in February 1861. In a decisive act, the new nation escalated its campaign against Fort Sumter, cutting off the small federal garrison's food supply, bolstering Charleston artillery batteries under the recently appointed Confederate Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard and raising a force of volunteer troops eager for battle.
After taking office, Lincoln persuaded his cabinet to resupply Fort Sumter, but the effort failed because of an astounding blunder by the overwhelmed president. Tensions rose in the South Carolina city known for its brutal slave markets.
The arrival of Union ships at the entrance of Charleston's harbor provoked Southern forces to shell the fort on April 12, 1861. The increasingly destitute federal forces returned the fire, but lacking food and running out of ammunition, Maj. Robert Anderson surrendered the next day, receiving safe passage to the North.The northern supply ships had sailed away, without ever entering the harbor.
During the crisis, Lincoln hoped that the prominent slave state of Virginia would stay in the union. George Washington and Thomas Jefferson' native state remained loyal until Lincoln issued a call for states to raise troops to put down the Southern rebellion.
Reacting to Lincoln's action, Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas and North Carolina seceded, while Maryland, Missouri, Delaware and Kentucky remained in the union.
Virginia's Robert E. Lee, offered command of the Union army, resigned and joined the rebellion, eventually accelerating the war's intensity as the commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. With Virginia in the fold, the Confederacy quickly moved its capital to Richmond.
While the Fort Sumter attack has received extensive attention as the event that began the Civil War, Larson brings to light little known incidents such as as a company of Citadel cadets firing shots at the federal ship Star of the West in Charleston Harbor several months before.
Larson presents a colorful gallery of well-known and obscure characters. Lincoln at first appears unsteady and overmatched, but slowly gains mastery.
The heroic Anderson, the rabid Southern secessionist Edmund Ruffin, who fired the first shot at the fort, the acclaimed Civil War diarist Mary Chesnut, Union Gen. Winfield Scott, the manipulative and influential Lincoln Cabinet member William H. Seward, Confederate President Jefferson Davis and several now obscure Southern slave-owners play significant roles in Larson's story.
Before Lincoln took office, rumors swirled about an invasion of Washington by Southern forces, plots to assassinate the new president, and the U.S. Senate not certifying his electoral college victory in a scenario similar to that of Jan. 6, 2020.
Scott's calling out of troops to protect the capital and the somewhat comic ruses carried out by detective agency founder Allan Pinkerton allowed Lincoln to take charge.
Larson's unveiling of the nation's plummet into civil war raises alarms for our politically volatile era.