Switzerland is more concerned with developing mass transit, particularly rail transit, in metro Atlanta than the Georgia General Assembly has been.
A heavyweight lineup of Swiss officials came to Georgia Tech this week to lead a forum on developing sustainable transportation in Atlanta, the state of Georgia, and the Atlantic-Piedmont region. The Swiss officials pointed to the incredibly efficient and extensive Swiss rail system, part of a unified transportation network that includes a variety of buses, trams and streetcars, ships on the country's beautiful lakes, and yes, cars. The Swiss contingent, led by ambassador to the United States Urs Ziswiler, made a passionate case for the city, state and region developing an integrated system, including rail, to reduce congestion and traffic gridlock.
The Swiss motives for hosting the event were a bit puzzling. As the event progressed, it became clear that the Swiss, with their deep rail expertise and highly developed manufacturing sector, stand to beneifit economically from the development of rail in Atlanta and the United States. And, as was briefly brought out, the Swiss hope to reduce global carbon emissions, since their country, with its glacial Alps, faces devastating effects from climate change.
The forum also included panels of city, state and region officials, who presented the dismal, if familiar, situation in Atlanta: too many cars, too few roads and mass transit options, funding shortages, pollution, and hours wasted fuming in traffic. Experts like Ga. Tech professor Mike Meyers, former GRTA head Catherine Ross, and ARC's Tom Weyandt painted a picture of city looking at economic and social disaster because of its overreliance on automobiles. With some of the lowest fuel taxes in the country, imposed about 50 years ago, Georgia has done little to discourage automobile use and the growth of suburbs farther and farther from the inner city. The recession, caused by the collapse of the housing industry, has severely curtailed the Atlanta metro area's sprawl frenzy. Advocates of smart growth and a sustainable future hope that situation continues.
Nationally, experts like The New York Times' Tom Friedman call for a carbon tax, to reduce dependence on automobiles and the need for foreign oil. It was pointed out at the meeting that when the price of gas jumps, autombile travel is reduced, and more people use mass transit. Under Friedman's plan, the carbon tax would be revenue-neutral, with citizens receiving money back for energy efficient homes and transporation modes.
The Swiss officials pointed to their country's overwhelming popular support for their state-of-the art transportation system, paid for with heavy taxes on gasoline and on trucks carrying freight through the country, among other sources. In comparison, Georgia distressingly has lacked the political will for even the most rudimentary solutions to transporation problems.
That's changing, State Sen. Jeff Mullis, head of the Senate Transporation Committee, said in one of the Georgia Tech sessions. He pointed to Gov. Sonny Perdue offering a state transportation plan that would fund improvements through bonds paid for with general funds. Perdue also is supporting elections in 12 state districts in which voters in each area will have the chance to approve a special 1-cent sales tax for transportation. Mullis, from Chickamauga in North Georgia, expressed support for rail transporation, saying his constitutents would love the option for taking the train into Atlanta, so as to avoid that notorious traffic congestion.
Another panelist, Jim Durrett of the Buckhead Community Improvement District, wondered how those people would get around once they arrived in Atlanta by train. A possible answer to this concern is that a heavily used rail terminal in downtown Atlanta would provide the demand for improved local transportation and the likely development of businesses like increased cab companies. Just look at the heavy number of taxis in New York City.
Local panelists repeated a number of concepts that have been around for years: as Tom Weyandt of the ARC said, Atlanta doesn't lack for ideas, but the commitment to carry them out. Former Athens Mayor Doc Eldridge said his dream would be a rail line down the middle of Ga. 316 and I-85. He revisited the idea of the "Brain Train," a rail link from Atlanta to Athens that would tie the University of Georgia to Georgia Tech, Emory, Georgia State and CDC. A brief discussion rose about the possibility of using exisiting rail lines for the "brain train," whether the railroad companies would allow use of passenger trains on their freight lines. (While Atlanta is underdeveloped in passenger rail, the city and Georgia actually do have a heavy amount of rail freight traffic, one area in which the state rivals Switzerland.) Also mentioned were the federal funds secured for rail between Atlanta and Lovejoy, another project long on the drawing board, but not yet realized.
One of the most forceful and dynamic speakers was former Charlotte, N.C. Mayor Pat McCrory, a Republican who led the hometown of Wachovia and Bank of America to develop its 12-mile rail system. Sadly, Atlanta led the way 30 years ago or more in developing the MARTA rail system, but now Charlotte and other cities are forging ahead of Atlanta in their support of rail. Meanwhile, as was repeatedly mentioned, MARTA faces severe funding shortages. Another frequently repeated point came out yet again: MARTA is the only major transit system in the United States that receives no state funding. Mullis shook his head over the disruption that would result in Atlanta if MARTA is ever forced to stop service for even one day.
McCrory's major message was the need for regional cooperation to develop high-speed rail and other transporation improvements in the Atlantic-Piedmont region from Atlanta to Charlotte. He pointed out that the growth of the region's cities are making it one huge metropolitan area, from Atlanta to Spartanburg and Greenville, S.C., and on to Durham, Raleigh and Charlotte. "The growth can be planned or not planned," he warned. In the next 20 years, the region is expected to be among the most economically vital in the world, but its promise will be hampered by unplanned growth, he said.
The Swiss leaders gave the most compelling presentations, illustrated with colorful Power-Point presentations and films showing sleek trains speeding through gorgeous Alpine vistas.
Gregor Saladin of the Swiss Federal Department of Transportation complimented MARTA, mentioning that he'd found his trip from Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport to downtown Atlanta efficient and inexpensive. But Atlanta came off poorly when he compared the Zurich airport with Hartsfield-Jackson. In Zurich, he said, passengers can get off the plane and find a multitude of connections to European and Swiss rail lines, light rail, and other options.
Saladin, along two other Swiss officials, glowed with pride over the economic vitality of their country. He pointed out that Switzerland recently gained the No. 1 spot in the Global Competitiveness Index, knocking the United States to No. 2.
He ticked off a dizzying array of statistics that showed Switzerland the most rail-friendly place on earth. In 2007, the Swiss led the world in train use, with each person traveling an average of 1,307 miles by rail during the year, beating out Japan. Meanwhile, each person in the United States traveled an average 87 miles by train. He didn't say it, but undoubtedly, that U.S. number is skewed by folks using trains in rail-heavy corridors of the Northeast and West Coast. In many American cities, the stat would be 0 miles of train travel a year.
Still, with all of the rail options, two-thirds of the trips in Switzerland are still made by car. When asked why this is so, Saladin pointed to the country's geography. A bit smaller than Georgia, Switzerland has two-thirds of its terrority taken up by the Alps. He said that "rail can't go everywhere," and that mountain trips are often made by car. Also, people still find it convenient to make small trips from suburb to suburb by car.
But Switzerland, although it does have its own urban congestion and pollution, is nowhere near as auto-dependent as the U.S. Ziswiler pointed out that in Zurich, 58% of the people have no car. Salidan said that in the United States, there is one car for each person, but in Switzerland, it's one car for every two people. He also gave a brief explanation of his participation in Switzerland's shared mobility program, a cooperative effort in which people share auto availability. When needed, Salidan can reserve the use of a car, choosing one of the necessary size for what he needs.
The most thrilling presentation came from Dr. Renzo Simoni, CEO of AlpTransit Gotthard LTD, the company charged with digging a massive tunnel through a section of the Alps. Simoni presented an amazing story of engineering ingenuity and audacity in completing the 35-mile long tunnel, which will be the world's largest upon completion. The tunnel, being bored and blasted on the same level as the country's cities, is below the highest point of the mountain above it by 2,500 meters, 8,500 feet.
The rock dug out is being recycled into concrete for the construction of the tubes that will seal the tunnel. Other debris is being used to build islands that evolve into wildlife sanctuaries in the country's lakes. This recycling of the mountain materials starkly contrasts with the U.S. coal companies' mountain removal projects in states like Kentucky, where the debris is dumped into mountain rivers, leaving horrible pollution from hazardous materials. Also, unlike the coal companies here, AlpTransit restores to a near natural condition areas where it bores shafts into the mountain. The shafts are used as entry and exit points for those constructing the tunnel.
A main reason for the tunnel, which will be used solely for rail passenger and freight travel, is to significantly reduce the number of heavy trucks coming through Switzerland. The truck traffic, spurred by the advent of the container system in world ports, grew heavily during the 1970s, increasing air pollution and damage to the Alps. Curtailing the truck traffic was a major factor in the Swiss people's approval of the tunnel project. A key element in funding the tunnel is taxes on the trucks, whose operators must pay a fee for every foot they travel in the country.
Simoni expects the tunnel, including the smaller Centuri tunnel, to be operational by 2019. The company has access to a fund of a maximum $13.2 billion for the work. When the tunnel's finished, the trip from Zurich to Milan will be cut from four hours, 10 minutes, to two hours, 40 minutes.
Another Swiss speaker, Michaela Stoeckli, general manager of the Swiss Rail Industry Association, energetically espoused the benefits of the country's rail industry. One exciting job: driving a train through the Alps. Seeking to recruit adventurous Tech students, she mentioned high-paying engineering and consulting jobs: Switzerland has one of the highest standards of living in the world.
Stoeckli gave an impressive list of companies that have risen from the country's rail focus. The country prides itself on performance: the trains arrive and leave on time, and one company does nothing but make timetables to keep the system moving. She said that the company also keeps France's trains on time.
Other companies: Mobotime, which manufactures rail station clocks used all over the world; Stadler, which makes rolling stock, i.e. rail cars; Hess, which manufactures buses. Another Swiss company leads the world in the manufacture of high-tech diesel filters. Stoeckli said that with the country's expertise, it's not afraid of growing competition in these areas from the Chinese.
On the first day of the event, the AJC reported one bit of news that offered perhaps a strong step locally toward the kind of transportation diversity espoused by the Swiss. The Georgia Department of Transporation, told the DOT board that it intends to officially suggest a proposed mass transit terminal in downtown Atlanta to private developers. According to the AJC's April Hart, the DOT hopes to ask for interested companies' qualifications by March.
The public-private project would connect to MARTA, and may (we hope that changes to will) have space for light rail, commuter rail, commuter business and inner-city rail like Amtrak. It may also have the ability to handle high-speed rail in the future.
Such a multimodal is an essential addition to Atlanta's transporation infrastructure. With the help of the Swiss, the trains could even arrive and depart on time.